much more than one hundred years ago, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium emitted penetrating rays similar to those utilized by Wilhelm Röntgen to take the very first X-ray picture (of his wife’s hand), starting a new age of far-reaching applications. There are of program numerous dangers that come with the utilize of radioactivity, however there are likewise numerous beneficial uses for our society.

WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY

An alpha particle is expelled from the nucleus.
The nucleus of an atom is made of protons as well as neutrons. since protons have positive charge, they repel each other, so there should be a force that holds the nucleus together, as well as the neutrons don’t help, since they are neutral. This force is the strong nuclear force as well as the energy associated with it is called the binding energy.

For reasons that go beyond the range of this article, atomic nuclei with much more than 83 protons in it (bismuth) do not have sufficient binding energy to hold the nucleus together. In response, the nucleus tries to accomplish balance by giving off a neutron or proton in the radioactive decay process, which emits radiation in the type of alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays (among other much more exotic processes). Alpha particles, for example, are composed of two protons as well as two neutrons that are expelled at high speed (some 5% of the speed of light) from the nucleus, as well as an atom of a different chemical aspect is created by the تسوس.

اكتشاف

The very first X-ray picture from the hand of Anna Bertha Ludwig, Röntgen´s wife.
While conducting experiments with electrical power as well as vacuum tubes in 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered that his photographic plates were darkened, even when wrapped with black paper. He then concluded that some type of yet unknown, penetrating rays were at play in his experimental setup. He was able to utilize this new “X-rays”, as he named them, to take the very first X-ray image, utilizing the hand of his other half Anna Bertha. A year later Henri Becquerel discovered that similar rays were produced naturally by uranium salts.

The phenomenon that produced the X-rays was named radioactivity by Marie Curie, Becquerel´s doctoral student. Marie as well as her other half Pierre, carried on much of the pioneering work on radioactivity. They discovered new elements with this property, such as radium, polonium, as well as thorium. Of the 48 women who have been awarded Nobel prizes, Marie Curie is the only one who won the distinction twice: very first in physics for her work in radiation phenomena, as well as then in chemistry, for her discovery of radium as well as polonium. It is worth to mention that only four persons as well as two organizations have won multiple Nobel awards.

Marie Curie died in 1934, sufferer of her work with radiation, because it was not known at the time that radiation posed major health and wellness issues. Her papers as well as even her cookbook are stored in shielded boxes as they are still extremely radioactive as well as cannot be handed safely.

THE RADIUM women as well as other unfortunate HISTORIES

Advertisement for the Undark self-glowing paint.
Radium was discovered to be two million times as radioactive as uranium, the radium salts even glow visibly from radiation. This cause a new market that benefited from the new phenomenon (the Curies did not patent their discovery). The us Radium company was a business that utilized a recipe that combined radium salts with glue as well as zinc sulfide, an aspect that glows in the existence of radiation. النتائج؟ Glow-in-the-dark paint, that was marketed with the name “undark”. It was utilized by the armed forces in their wristwatches as well as instrument panels so they might be checked out at night. It was likewise utilized in home numbers, light switch plates, as well as even for the eyes of toy dolls.

The painting was done by a group of women, some as young as 14. They were known as the Radium Girls. When working with fine-tipped brushes to paint the numbers as well as hands of wristwatches, they utilized their lips as well as tongues to point the ideas of the brushes. unaware of the remarkable risk of the radiation, they even painted their fingernails as well as teeth in buy to surprise their boyfriends. Of program they ingested significant amounts of radioactive material, as well as began to experience from anemia, fallen teeth, stillborn babies, bone fractures as well as jaw necrosis.

The very first legal fit against us Radium was filed in september 1925. With the assist of doctors as well as dentists in their payroll, the business rejected all claims that the radium exposure was to blame. much more than two years passed up until one of the women might discover a attorney that would take the case, as well as the trial dragged on for months. four other women likewise joined the fit as well as the situation lastly attrتصرف مصلحة وسائل الإعلام. استقرت النساء في الوضع لحوالي 100000 دولار في دولار اليوم، بالإضافة إلى المصاريف الطبية بالإضافة إلى 600 دولار سنويا طالما عاشوا. نجت المرأة الأخيرة فقط لمدة عامين بعد التسوية. بعد استقر الوضع في عام 1928، واصلت راديوم الولايات المتحدة العمليات في إطار قوانين أمنية جديدة حتى عام 1947.

كانت هناك تاريخ مماثل، مثل شركة الاتصال الهاتفي المشع، والتي استخدمت النساء في الظروف نفسها بالضبط مثل راديوم الولايات المتحدة، مع نتائج مؤسفة مماثلة. لسوء الحظ، نظرا لقلة التفاهم الأولية بشأن مخاطر الإشعاع، وكذلك الحقيقة التي كانت مهما كانت ذرية ترتديها في ذلك الوقت، فقد تم استخدام الراديوم في كل ما يمكنك تخيله: مستحضرات التجميل، منتجات تنظيف المنزل، معجون الأسنان، تحاميل، السجائر بالإضافة إلى تعزز الرجولة مثل RadiendOrinator Scrotal: الموقع تحت كيس الصفن الخاص بك وكذلك ستكون ذرية في غرفة النوم.

على الرغم من الدعوى التي فاز بها بنات الراديوم، استمر نمط المنتجات الذرية حتى أواخر الخمسينيات. لحسن الحظ، تحتوي الكثير من هذه المنتجات على كميات صغيرة فقط من الراديوم بسبب ارتفاع سعرها.

الاستخدامات الحديثة

هناك العديد من الاستخدامات المفيدة للنشاط الإشعاعي. من برنامج المفاعلات النووية من أجل توليد الطاقة معروفة للغاية. Tracers هي النظائر المشعة التي يمكن اتباعها مع تفاعل كيميائي، وكذلك استخدامها في الكيمياء وكذلك الكيمياء الحيوية لفهم التفاعلات الكيميائية وكذلك تفاعلاتها. يمكنهم توزيع توزيع المركب في الأنسجة، وكذلك اكتب أساس عدد من أنظمة التصوير مثل التصوير المقطعي بوسيترون التفريغ، بالإضافة إلى التصوير المقطعي المصقول من الفوتون واحد. مكان الكسور في الكسر الهيدروليكي يجعل الاستفادة من التتبعات. يتم استخدام Radiocarbon التي يرجع تاريخها في علم الآثار لتحديد أعمار الحفريات. يتم استخدام تشعيع الأطعمة وكذلك الأجهزة الطبية لقتل الجراثيم دون إيذاء المركب الذي يتم تطهيره. تأخذ الأطعمة لفترة أطول بكثير لتفسد، وكذلك الأجهزة الطبية يمكن تعقيمها دون التعرض للمواد الكيميائية أو الحرارة الشديدة. يتم استخدام مقاييس تتكون من مواد مشعة لتحديد سمك المنتجات الورقية ومستويات السوائل في النفط بالإضافة إلى الدبابات الكيميائية، وكذلك بللها وكذلك كثافة التربة.

منذ اكتشافها، تغير الكثير في فهمنا للإشعاع الإشعاعي. قدم فهم عقاراتها إنسانية القدرة على الاستفادة منها في العديد من المجالات التي يمكن أن تكون مفيدة، مهما كانت تقدير متأخرا للمخاطر المحتملة.